Fixed R = R1 = R2, we have (see figure 13)
C1 = R-1-- -ω--ζ--c-
Figure 13 : Filter Configuration
C 2 = R-1-- ξ----ω1-----c-
R1
Vin
C2
R2
C1
LS404
Vout
Three parameters are needed to characterize the
frequency and phase response of a 2nd order ac-
tive filter: the gain (Gv), the damping factio (ξ) or
the Q factor (Q = 2 ξ)1), and the cuttoff frequency
(fc).
Table 1
Filter Response
ξ
The higher order response are obtained with a se-
ries of 2nd order sections. A simple RC section is
introduced when an odd filter is required.
The choice of ’ξ' (or Q factor) determines the filter
response (see table 1).
Q
Cuttoff Frequency fc
Bessel
-----3-
-----1-
Frequency at which Phase Shift is -90°C
2
3
Butterworth
Chebyschev
-----2-
2
--2---1-
Frequency at which Gv = -3dB
Frequency at which the amplitude response
-----2-
2
--2---1-
passes through specified max. ripple band and
enters the stop bank.
EXAMPLE
Figure 14 : 5th Order Low-pass Filter (Butterworth) with Unity Gain configuration
Ri
R1
Ci
C2
R2
C1
C4
R3
R4
C3
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